Super Wi-Fi or WHITE WiFi

Super Wi-Fi

Super Wi-Fi is a term coined by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to describe a wireless networking proposal which the FCC plans to use for the creation of longer-distance wireless Internet access. The use of the trademark "Wi-Fi" in the name has been criticized because it is not based on Wi-Fi technology or endorsed by the Wi-Fi Alliance. A trade show has also been called the "Super WiFi Summit" (without hyphen).Various standards such as IEEE 802.22 have been proposed for this concept.
Instead of using the 2.4 GHz radio frequency of Wi-Fi, the 'Super Wi-Fi' proposal uses the lower-frequency white spaces between television channel frequencies. These lower frequencies allow the signal to travel further and penetrate walls better than the higher frequencies previously used.The FCC's plan was to allow those white space frequencies to be used for free, as happens with shorter-range Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

History

As result of hearing on the safety of analog television broadcasting and the telecommunication act of 1996 along with the preliminary hearing material, the U.S. Federal Communication Commission laid the ground work for a framework for HDTV. One major player in the development of Super WiFi is the various patents for Nielsen Rating Technology which predates the development of commercial WiFi. For example, US Patent 7152287 credits many previous patent since 1982 but many reference the Nielson Rating to about the 1920.
US Federal Communications Commission's approved the rules for "white spaces" on September 23, 2010 as it has done for many university since the 1990s.
On April 19, 2011, Rice University, in partnership with the nonprofit organization Technology For All, installed the first residential deployment of Super Wi-Fi in east Houston. The network uses white spaces for backhaul and provides access to clients using 2.4GHz Wi-Fi.
On May 8, 2011, a public Super Wi-Fi network was developed in Calgary, Alberta. Calgary based company WestNet City Wi-Fi. launched the network for free and paid subscribers.
On January 26, 2012, the United States first public Super Wi-Fi network was developed in Wilmington, North Carolina. Florida based company Spectrum Bridge, Inc. launched the network for public use with access at Hugh MacRae park.
On July 9, 2013, West Virginia University launched the first campus Super WiFi network.

BIO-DIGESTER

Biodigester technology has been developed for resolving the problems of un-decomposed human waste. The innovation degrades and converts the human waste into usable water and gasses in an eco-friendly manner. The generated gas can be utilized for energy/ cooking and water for irrigation purposes.
The process involves the bacteria which feed upon the faecal matter inside the tank, through anaerobic process which finally degrades the matter and releases methane gas that can be used for cooking, along with the treated water.
The Bio-digester tank can be manufactured and customised as per the requirement.
Salient Features:

No bad smell in toilets from the tanks
Faecal matter in the tank not visible
No infestation of cockroaches & flies
No clogging of digester
Effluent is free from off odour and solid waste
Reduction in pathogens by 99%
Reduction in organic matter by 90%
No maintenance required
No requirement of adding bacteria/ enzyme
No need of removal of solid waste
Use of phenyl is permitted upto 84 ppm
 
Areas of Applications
 Bio-Toilets
Septic tanks

Methane Hydrates-Future of Carbon Fuels

When gas molecules are trapped in a lattice of water molecules at temperatures above 0°C and pressures above one atmosphere, they can form a sta­ble solid. These solids are gas hydrates.
Most gas hydrates are formed from methane (CH4). Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon, and is the primary component of the natural gas that we burn for energy. If you hold a hydrate nodule in your hand and light it with a match, it will burn like a lantern wick. There is fire in this ice!
Gas hydrate deposits along ocean margins are estimated to exceed known petroleum reserves by about a factor of three. These hydrate beds leak gas­es into the water, forming cold seeps on the ocean floor. This hydrocarbon seepage is common on continental margins around the world.
Chemosynthetic communities similar to those found at hydrothermal vents form at cold seeps, using hydrocarbons or hydrogen sulfide for carbon and energy. Seep tube worms, mussels, and clams form two-meter-high bushes over kilometer-sized beds. Most seeps are also characterized by high microbial productivity.
Hydrates influence ocean carbon cycling, global climate change, and coastal sediment stability. Localized melt­downs have caused massive continental slope failure, which can present a geological hazard for shelf oil and gas production. Massive hydrate dissolution events, releasing vast amounts of the greenhouse gas methane, are possible causes of some of the abrupt climate chang­es seen in the geologic record.

Trapped in molecular cages resembling ice, at the bottom of the ocean and in terrestrial permafrost all over the world, is a supply of natural gas that, by conservative estimates, is equivalent to twice the amount of energy contained in all other fossil fuels remaining in the earth’s crust. The question has been whether or not this enormous reserve of energy, known as methane hydrates, existed in nature in a form that was worth pursuing, and whether or not the technology existed to harvest it.
n the spring of 2008, a joint Canadian-Japanese expedition in Mallik in the Northwest Territories, Canada, established that methane hydrates could be harvested by using a water pump to depressurize a well already drilled into the reserve. This involved lowering the pressure by pumping out the water that naturally accumulates in the well. Crucially, it required only 10 to 15 percent of the energy represented by the gas that flowed out of the well, making it a much more viable approach than earlier methods used to harvest hydrates, which involved melting them with warm water. Standard oil and gas drilling equipment was used to reenter an old well drilled to a depth of 3,500 feet and then “refurbish” it by casing the entire well with lengths of steel tubing that cemented into place in order to prevent it from collapsing.

Hydrates require both cold temperatures and high pressure to form; eliminating either condition frees the gas from its icy cage, but past attempts to do this by heating the hydrates proved prohibitively difficult. The Canadian-Japanese expedition successfully produced up to 4,000 cubic meters of gas a day during a six-day trial in 2008 using depressurization.



While no one believes that all of the world’s methane hydrates will be recoverable, the scale of global reserves has been described by the U.S. Department of Energy as “staggering.” They occur anywhere that water, methane, low temperatures, and high pressure co-occur–in other words, in the 23 percent of the world’s land area covered by permafrost and at the bottom of the ocean, particularly the continental shelf.

Increased interest in naturally occurring methane hydrates has been driven by the desire for energy independence from the Middle East and Russia and by the need to find energy sources with less of a potential impact on the climate than coal. (Natural gas produces half as much carbon as coal per unit of energy.) This is reflected by an exponential growth in the number of scientific papers published on the subject per year, according to Carolyn Koh, codirector of the Center for Hydrate Research at the Colorado School of Mines. More than a dozen expeditions designed to harvest or sample terrestrial and marine hydrate reserves have been launched since 2001, not only in the United States and Canada, but also in Japan, Korea, China, and India, 

PROBIOTICS

What are probiotics?
Probiotics are live micro-organisms (mainly bacteria but also yeasts) which are thought provide numerous health benefits. In order to provide these health benefits, probiotics need to be able to survive the acidic environment of the stomach. They also need to be eaten in adequate quantities.

What are the proven health benefits of probiotics?
There is a good deal of scientific evidence suggesting that probiotics are effective for gastrointestinal problems including¹:
Diarrhea: specifically antibiotic associated diarrhea including episodes caused by infection with C. difficile (also known as C. Diff Diarrhea) and

• infectious diarrhea.
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease: ulcerative colitis, pouchitis, and Crohn’s Disease.
• Food intolerance
• Helicobacter pylori infection.

Research also suggests that probiotics can inhibit tumors, improve immune function and reduce blood cholesterol levels.

Are all probiotics the same in terms of their health benefits?
No, the health benefits are specific to the genus (clan e.g. Lactobacillus), species (family name e.g. acidophilus) and strain (first name e.g. DDS-1). Different strains can have different effects. Therefore if you want to try a probiotic for a specific complaint be sure to select the specific strain that has been proven to help your particular condition.

How can I add probiotics to my diet?
You can add probiotics to your diet either by eating probiotic foods (including beverages) or by taking probiotic supplements. Generally speaking, probiotic supplements usually contain higher numbers of probiotic organisms than probiotic foods. However probiotic foods do have an advantage over probiotic supplements. Many such as probiotic yogurt, milk kefir and vegetable ferments (e.g. fermented cabbage, also known as sauerkraut) are rich in nutrients and/or fiber. Be aware too that many of the processed probiotic foods (e.g. cereals, granola, ice-cream) that have recently appeared on our grocery-store shelves are often high in sugar and additives.

When is the best time to take probiotics?
When you eat a meal, the pH of the stomach rises. The higher the pH, the more likely it is that the probiotic organisms will survive their journey through the stomach. It therefore makes sense to take a probiotic around half an hour after eating.

Where can I purchase probiotics?
You can purchase probiotic foods from grocery and health food stores. As far as probiotic supplements are concerned, these can be purchased from on-line retailers and over-the-counter from pharmacies.

What side-effects should I expect when starting probiotics?
You may experience symptoms of bloating, flatulence (gas), abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea in the first few days of probiotic therapy. These symptoms occur as your digestive system rebalances in favor of the good bacteria. The symptoms should subside after a few days. However, if they persist, then you can always reduce your dosage and ramp back up slowly.

 Are probiotics safe for children?
Yes, both probiotic foods and supplements are safe for children. There is a wide range of probiotic supplements which are suitable for children. . These are available in a variety of forms including chewable tablets, capsules and powder. Probiotics are also suitable for infants. Once weaned, probiotic foods can be introduced into a baby’s diet. Certain probiotic supplements are also appropriate for infants. 
Some probiotic supplements are cheap, whilst others are expensive. How do I know which supplement offers the best value for money?

The key here is consider the number of probiotic organisms contained in the product. Some probiotic supplements contain very few beneficial organisms, whilst others contain much higher quantities. Information regarding the number of bacteria contained in a product is measured in colony forming units (CFUs) and is listed on the label of all probiotic supplements. Take a look beside “colony-forming units” or “CFUs” on the product label and you will find out how many viable probiotic organisms are contained in each product serving. You can then use this information compare the total number of colony-forming units contained in various products. Click here for our easy-to-use cost comparison tool.
Do all probiotic supplements need to be refrigerated?.
The vast majority of probiotic supplements require refrigeration. However, there are some products, which can be stored at room temperature. These include Align Probiotic, Dr Ohhira’s Probiotics (also known as OMX Probiotics), Florastor and Probiotic Advantage.
I am taking oral antibiotics. Should I take probiotics too?
A side effect of oral antibiotic therapy is that it can adversely affect your digestive flora, wiping out your colonies of good bacteria. As a result one of the most common complaints regarding oral antibiotic therapy is diarrhea. Taking a probiotic supplement can help replenish your good flora, relieving the gastric upset. Remember to take your probiotic supplement at least two hours after your antibiotic dose. This way, the antibiotics do not destroy the good bacteria in the supplement. Continue taking your probiotic supplement for at least two weeks after you have finished your course of antibiotics.

Do all probiotic supplements contain milk?
Many probiotic supplements are grown on milk-based mediums and thus will contain traces of milk. Those containing bacteria belonging to the Lactobacillus clan (genus) are most likely to contain milk as these bacteria thrive best in a dairy medium and thus are usually grown on milk. There are however some probiotic supplements that are dairy free. 

Do all probiotic foods contain milk?
No,only certain probiotic foods contain milk. These include:

• Probiotic yogurt
• Milk kefir
• Buttermilk
• Crème fraiche
• Acidophilus milk
• Fermented dairy milks such as Yakult
• Aged cheeses (for example Gouda, Emmental, Edam and Cheddar)

There are many probiotic foods, which are free of milk products. These include vegetable ferments such as fermented cabbage and Korean kimchi as well as bean ferments including Indonesian Tempeh and miso.

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