Even though the share of agriculture in the country's GDP is declining, a year of poor rainfall means acute hardship for farmers which, in turn, has a negative impact on the economy. We explain when does a droughthappen:
What is a drought year?
The Indian Meteorological Department defines a drought year as one in which the overall rainfall deficiency is more than 10% of the longperiod average and more than 20% of the agricultural area is affected.
Are there different categories of droughts?
Yes. There are three types depending on the impact.
Meteorological
This happens when the rainfall in an area is less than 25% of its long-term average.
Hydrological
A marked depletion of surface water causing very low stream flow and drying of lakes, rivers and reservoirs.
Agricultural
Inadequate soil moisture resulting in a fall in agricultural productivity.
When is a drought declared?
Traditionally, in India, district collectors recommend the declaration of a drought after obtaining crop production estimates. Generally areas with less than 50% normal sowing are considered to be affected by a drought. The other markers of drought conditions include rain deficiency, normal difference in vegetation index and moisture content in the soil.
What happens after the declaration of drought?
The government initiates planning and implementation of relief measures. States roll out contingency plans, which include measures to provide employment, food, drinking water, and fodder for the livestock.
How does a drought impact the economy?
A drought impacts virtually all spheres of economic activity. Farm produce dips, water levels go down and the mortality rate of livestock and wildlife goes up. The economy takes a hit as farm income falls, food prices accelerate, consumption demand plummets and farm loan defaults rise. Its social costs includeunemployment and migration.
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